Perspectiva histórica y nuevas opciones para el control de la mosca de la bichera Cochliomyia hominivorax en Uruguay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31285/AGRO.25.974Palabras clave:
biotecnología, CRISPR, impacto económico, ectoparásito, barrenadorResumen
“Mosca de la bichera” o “bichera” son nombres comunes que en Uruguay y la región se da a Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera:Calliphoridae), principal agente etiológico de miasis primarias. La miasis ocurre cuando larvas de dípteros infestan animales vivos y al menos durante una parte de su desarrollo se alimentan de los tejidos y fluidos del hospedero. La bichera es un parásito obligatorio y sus tres fases larvarias se desarrollan en los tejidos vivos de hospederos de sangre caliente, incluyendo al hombre. Este comportamiento parasitario causa grandes pérdidas económicas al sector ganadero, además de considerarse un problema desatendido de salud pública. C. hominivorax es endémica de las regiones tropicales y subtropicales de América, pero fue erradicada de América del Norte y Central por un programa, que se extendió por más de 50 años, de Manejo Integrado de Plagas en Áreas Extensas (en inglés AW-IPM) basado en la Técnica del Insecto Estéril (TIE). Desde 2004, se mantiene una barrera en Darién, frontera entre Panamá y Colombia, donde se liberan 14 millones de moscas estériles/semana para evitar su reintroducción. Debido al impacto directo e indirecto en la economía nacional, la compleja logística y el costo del control basado en TIE, Uruguay actualmente está discutiendo estrategias para su erradicación. Las pérdidas directas por miasis en Uruguay oscilan en USD 40-154 millones anuales (2-8% PIB de ganadería). Actualmente, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura/Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (FAO/OIEA), así como el Departamento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos/Comisión Panamá Estados Unidos para la Erradicación y Prevención del Barrenador del Ganado/Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (USDA/COPEG/MGAP) han estado trabajando en propuestas de erradicación para Uruguay. El análisis de costo-beneficio de cada grupo indica un valor neto de aproximadamente USD 98 millones y USD 146 millones, respectivamente, indicando el impacto positivo de la erradicación de la mosca de la bichera para los productores locales, así como para todo el sector ganadero. Sin embargo, una vez alcanzado el estado de libre de miasis en Uruguay, el principal desafío será mantenerlo si Argentina y Brasil no promueven un programa similar, al menos en la región pampeana. Aquí realizamos una revisión bibliográfica, desde el comienzo —durante la década del 40— hasta la erradicación en América del Norte, así como ciclo de vida y parasitismo, y aspectos de genética de poblaciones y ecología. Además, discutimos algunas herramientas biotecnológicas, basadas en transgénesis y edición génica por CRISPR/Cas, que están en desarrollo y prometen transformarse en las nuevas estrategias de control de insectos. Discutimos el balance entre innovación y regulación con base en lecciones aprendidas. Actualmente, en Uruguay se investiga una estrategia de edición génica por CRISPR/Cas para desarrollar un gene drive con financiación de fondos nacionales, lo que garantiza su completo control, e instituciones locales, autoridades y productores pueden ser los propietarios de la biotecnología. Finalmente, el conocimiento generado abre la posibilidad para desarrollar localmente nuevas estrategias biotecnológicas para el control de otros parásitos y/o insectos vectores relevantes en salud animal y pública.
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