Effect of dietary inclusion of raw and fermented hornwort, Ceratophyllum demersum, on growth performance and digestibility of young grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31285/AGRO.28.1201Keywords:
grass carp, fermentation, macrophytic, hornwort, digestibilityAbstract
A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, feed efficiency, digestibility and carcass composition of young grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val, 1844) (4.03±0.16 g) fed on a control diet and two experimental diets (38.5% crude protein). The experiment aimed to assess the utilization of raw hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum (HR) and fermented (HF) by adding 20% of each of the alternative ingredients separately to the control diet (C) to completely compensate barley, a portion of wheat bran and 20% of fish meal. Results indicated that all growth and feed efficiency parameters among groups were no significantly different (P>0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein productive value (PPV) of fish fed HR and HF with the control diet. There was no effect (P>0.05) in stimulating digestibility (ADCtotal) when HR and HF were added to the diet. Both HR and HF produced significantly (P<0.05) higher satiation level associated with lower dietary digestible energy contents. The evacuation rate was not affected significantly (P>0.05) by the inclusion of raw or fermented hornwort. Whereas, the moisture, protein and lipid levels in carcass were similar (P>0.05) in all groups, except for the control diet (C), which recorded the highest ash level (P<0.05). In conclusion, the incorporation of raw or fermented hornwort up to 20% level was found to be not suitable, and there were adverse effects on the growth and feed efficiency of experimental fish.
Downloads
References
Abdel-Tawwab M. The preference of the omnivorous–macrophagous, Tilapia zillii (Gervais), to consume a natural free-floating Fern, Azolla pinnata. J World Aquac Soc. 2008;39(1):104-12.
Abimorad EG, Carneiro DJ. Digestibility and performance of Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles fed diets containing different protein, lipid and carbohydrate levels. Aquac Nutr. 2007;13:1-9.
Adewumi AA. Moringa oleifera (Lam) as a protein supplement in Clarias gariepinus diet. Adv Res. 2014;2(11):580-9.
Ali M, Iqbal F, Salam A, Iram S, Athar M. Comparative study of body composition of different fish species from brackish water pond. Int J Environ Sci Tech. 2005;2(3):229-32.
Al-Kanaani SMN. Utilization of fish silage fermented with date fruit residues for feeding of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and its physiological and histological effects [doctoral’s thesis]. Basra (IQ): University of Basrah, College of Agriculture; 2014. 246p.
Al-Mayah AA, Al-Hamim FI. Aquatic plant, and the Algae. Basrah: University of Basrah puplisher; 1991. 701p.
Al-Sayyab AA. Evaluation of the efficiency of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.184 in controlling aquatic plants in drainage systems [doctoral’s thesis]. Basra (IQ): University of Basrah, College of Agriculture; 1996. 89p.
Al-Tamimi RA. The relationship between alpha-amylase activity and diet quality in fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio L. under laboratory conditions [doctoral’s thesis]. Basra (IQ): University of Basrah, College of Agriculture; 2008. 166p.
Bairagi AS, Ghosh K, Sen SK, Ray AK. Duckweed (Lemna polyrhiza) leaf meal as a source of feedstuff in formulated diets for rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish intestinal bacterium. Bioresour Technol. 2002;85:17-24.
Chanda S, Badhuri SK, Sardar D. Chemical characterization of pressed fibrous residues of four aquatic weeds. Aquat Bot. 1991;42(1):81-5.
Chilton EW, Muoneke MI. Biology and management of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinidae) for vegetation control: a North American perspective. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 1992;2(4):283-320.
Cruz Y, Kijora C, Vianys A, Schulz C. Inclusion of fermented aquatic plants as feed resource for cachama blanca, Piaractus brachypomus, fed low-fish meal diets. Orinoquia. 2014;18(2):233-40.
Cruz Y, Kijora C, Wedler E, Danier J, Schulz C. Fermentation properties and nutritional quality of selected aquatic macrophytes as alternative fish feed in rural areas of the Neotropics. Livest Res. 2011;23(11):73-86.
Cruz Y, Kijora C, Wuertz S, Schulz C. Effect of fermented aquatic macrophytes supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency and digestibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles fed low fishmeal diets. Livest Res Rural Dev [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Feb 19]. Available from: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/9/cruz27177.html
El-Sayed AFM. Effects of fermentation methods on the nutritive value of water hyacinth for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 2003;218:471-8.
Eyo AA. Fundamentals of fish nutrition and diet development an overview. In: Eyo AA, editor. National workshop on fish feed development and feeding practices in aquaculture. New Bussa: FAO; 2003. p. 1-33.
Fagbenro OA. Apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy in some plant and animal-based feedstuffs by Clarias isheriensis (Siluriformes: Clariidae) (Sydenham 1980). J Appl Ichthyol. 1996;12(1):67-8.
Felix N, Brindo RA. Substituting fish meal with fermented seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii in diets of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2014;1(5):261-5.
Flores-Miranda MC, Luna-González A, Cortés-Espinosa DV, Cortés-Jacinto E, Fierro-Coronado JA, Alvarez-Ruiz P, González-Ocampo HA, Escamilla-Montes R. Bacterial fermentation of Lemna sp. as a potential substitute of fishmeal in shrimp diets. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2014;8(14):1516-26.
Francis G, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture. 2001;199:197-227.
Franklin P, Dunbar M, Whitehead P. Flow controls on lowland river macrophytes: a review. Sci Total Environ. 2008;400(1-3):369-78.
Gao W, Liu YJ, Tian LX, Mai KS, Liang GY. Effect of dietary carbohydrates to lipid ratios on growth performance, body composition, nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquac Nutr. 2009;16:327-33.
Gholami A. An investigation of factors that affect the efficiency of limiting amino acid utilization by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [doctoral’s thesis]. Guelph (CA): University of Guelph; 2015. 163p.
Hasanuddin M, Putra BS, Nur A, Rimmer MA. Aquatic weed Ceratophyllum sp. as a low-cost feed for brackish water pond culture of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. AACL Bioflux. 2016;9(2):408-13.
Hepher B. Nutrition of pond fishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988. 338p.
Hiscock P. Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants. Hauppauge: Barron’s; 2003. 205p.
Ilias NN, Jamal P, Jaswir I, Sulaiman S, Zainuddin Z, Azmi AS. Potentiality of selected seaweed for the production of nutritious feed fish using solid-state fermentation. J Eng Sci Technol. 2015;3(1):30-40.
Kapuscinski KL, Farrell JM, Stehman SV, Boyer GL, Fernando DD, Teece MA, Tschaplinski TJ. Selective herbivory by an invasive cyprinid, the rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus. Freshw Biol. 2014;59:2315-27.
King K. Growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon fed five commercial diets under hatchery conditions. N Am J Aquac. 2004;66:53-60.
Laining A, Kristanto AH. Aquafeed development and utilization of alternative dietary ingredients in aquaculture feed formulations in Indonesia. In: Catacutan MR, Coloso RM, Acosta BO, editors. Development and use of alternative dietary ingredients or fish meal substitutes in aquaculture feed formulation. Tigbauan: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center; 2015. p. 3-13.
Laining A, Usman U, Syah R. Aquatic weed Ceratophyllum sp. as a dietary protein source: its effects on growth and fillet amino acid profile of rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus. AACL Bioflux. 2016;9(2):352-95.
Lall SP. Concepts in the formulation and preparation of a complete fish diet. In: De Silva SS, editor. Fish nutrition research in Asia. Proceedings of the Fourth Asian Fish Nutrition Workshop. Manila: Asian fisheries society; 1991. p. 1-12.
Lovell RT. Nutrition and feeding of fish. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1989. 260p.
National Research Council. Nutrient requirement of fish. Washington: National Academy Press; 1993. 114p.
Perleberg D. Aquatic vegetation of Long Lake (DOW 11-0142-00). Cass County: Department of Natural Resources, Ecological Resources Division, 2008, 24p.
Porto HLR, De Castro ACL, Filho VEM, Rádis-Baptista G. Evaluation of the chemical composition of fish species captured in the lower stretch of Itapecuru River, Maranhão, Brazil. Int J Adv Agric Environ Eng. 2016;3(1):1-7.
Velasquez YC, Kijora C, Schulz C. Fermentation properties and nutritional quality of selected aquatic macrophytes as alternative fish feed in rural areas of the Zoological and Entomological Letters Neotropics. Livest Res Rural Dev. 2011;9(3)89-94.
Watanabe T, Tanemura N, Sugiura S. Effects of in vitro enzymatic digestion of rapeseed meal, soybean meal, macrophyte meal, and Algal meal on in vivo digestibilities of protein and minerals evaluated using common carp Cyprinus carpio. Aquacult Sci. 2016;64(2):215-22.
Webster CD, Lim C. Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture. New York: The Haworth Press; 2002. 364p.
Wee KL. Use of nonconventional feedstuffs of plant origin as fish feeds-is it practical and economically feasible? In: De Silva SS, editor. Fish Nutrition Research in Asia. Proc. 4th Asian Fish Nutrition Workshop. Manila: Asian Fisheries Society; 1991. p. 13-32.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Agrociencia Uruguay
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
